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IOS (view source)

Revision as of 03:04, 11 February 2024

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'''IOSU''' (internally known as '''IOS''', but can be confused with the Wii IOS) is the operating system running on the [[Hardware/Starbuck|Starbuck]] coprocessor in Wii U mode. It is the Wii U equivalent of [http://wiibrew.org/wiki/IOS IOS] on the Wii, and similar in some regards, but it is a complete rewrite with many changes. IOSU implements the Wii U's security policy, which includes titles and hardware access. One of its primary responsibilities is enforcing code signing, verifying all titles before installation and launch. Another one of its jobs is managing access to most hardware, such as storage, network, USB, and the Gamepad. The PowerPC can talk to IOSU through an IPC interface, and make security and hardware requests.
+
'''IOS''' (unofficially known as '''IOSU''' for distinguishing between the Wii and Wii U variants) is the operating system running on the [[Hardware/Starbuck|Starbuck]] coprocessor in Wii U mode. It is the Wii U equivalent of [http://wiibrew.org/wiki/IOS IOS] on the Wii, and similar in some regards, but it is a complete rewrite with many changes. IOSU implements the Wii U's security policy, which includes titles and hardware access. One of its primary responsibilities is enforcing code signing, verifying all titles before installation and launch. Another one of its jobs is managing access to most hardware, such as storage, network, USB, and the Gamepad. The PowerPC can talk to IOSU through an IPC interface, and make security and hardware requests.
   −
== See Also ==
+
The IOSU is an embedded operating system written by Nintendo, with a microkernel architecture. It contains a simple kernel that implements memory management and process and thread management. Device drivers and security handlers run as processes in the ARM user mode. These processes, called resource managers (RMs), can register as request handlers for resources, which are represented as nodes under /dev in a virtual filesystem. They communicate with each other through the kernel, using standard Unix file operations (open/close/read/write/seek/ioctl/ioctlv).
−
*[[IOSU_Syscalls|IOSU Syscalls]]
     −
== Architecture ==
+
= ELF loader =
−
IOSU is an embedded operating system written by Nintendo, with a microkernel architecture. It contains a simple kernel that implements memory management and process and thread management. Device drivers and security handlers run as processes in the ARM user mode. These processes, called resource managers (RMs), can register as request handlers for resources, which are represented as nodes under /dev in a virtual filesystem. They communicate with each other through the kernel, using standard Unix file operations (open/close/read/write/seek/ioctl/ioctlv).
  −
 
  −
=== ELF loader ===
   
The IOSU firmware image file (fw.img), when decrypted, contains two distinguishable pieces of code: a small ELF loader and the actual firmware binary (ELF file).
 
The IOSU firmware image file (fw.img), when decrypted, contains two distinguishable pieces of code: a small ELF loader and the actual firmware binary (ELF file).
 
Each time the IOSU starts, the ELF loader is the first portion of code that runs in order to make preparations for the actual IOSU binary.
 
Each time the IOSU starts, the ELF loader is the first portion of code that runs in order to make preparations for the actual IOSU binary.
Line 23: Line 19:  
  - Branch to 0xFFFF0000 (IOSU kernel boot).
 
  - Branch to 0xFFFF0000 (IOSU kernel boot).
   −
=== Kernel ===
+
= Kernel =
 
After being parsed by it's own ELF loader, the IOSU's kernel is launched from the Wii U's SRAM (0xFFFF0000).
 
After being parsed by it's own ELF loader, the IOSU's kernel is launched from the Wii U's SRAM (0xFFFF0000).
 
IOSU's kernel follows a standard ARM microkernel architecture:
 
IOSU's kernel follows a standard ARM microkernel architecture:
Line 234: Line 230:  
At this point, the IOS-KERNEL module is running on it's own thread and becomes responsible for launching and controlling all the other IOSU modules.
 
At this point, the IOS-KERNEL module is running on it's own thread and becomes responsible for launching and controlling all the other IOSU modules.
 
The kernel is responsible for tasks such as as IPC handling, permissions' control, resource managers (/dev nodes) and much more.
 
The kernel is responsible for tasks such as as IPC handling, permissions' control, resource managers (/dev nodes) and much more.
−
[[IOSU_Syscalls|System calls]] are handled through the ARM undefined handler and mapped into their respective kernel functions.
     −
=== Auxiliary vectors ===
+
System calls are handled through the ARM undefined handler and mapped into their respective kernel functions.
 +
 
 +
There are 2 types of syscalls:
 +
* Syscalls using undefined ARM instruction
 +
* Syscalls using ARM syscall instruction
 +
 
 +
== Syscalls (via undefined instructions) ==
 +
Similarly to the Wii's IOS, the IOSU uses a syscall table that is stored toward the end of the kernel area inside the main ARM binary (fw.img).
 +
 
 +
The second vector is the invalid instruction handler, which is used to implement syscalls:
 +
fw:FFFF0000              LDR    PC, =_reset
 +
fw:FFFF0004              LDR    PC, =starbuck_syscall_handler
 +
 
 +
The Starbuck syscall handler:
 +
starbuck_syscall_handler
 +
    STMFA          SP, {R0-LR}^
 +
    MRS            R8, SPSR
 +
    STR            R8, [SP]
 +
    STR            LR, [SP,#0x40]
 +
    LDR            R10, [LR,#-4]  ; R10 = E7F0XXXX  (the invalid instruction)
 +
    BIC            R9, R10, #0xFF00
 +
    LDR            R8, =0xE7F000F0  ; Syscall base
 +
    CMP            R9, R8            ; Were any bits set other than the syscall number
 +
    BNE            invalid_syscall
 +
    MOV            R10, R10,ASR#8
 +
    AND            R10, R10, #0xFF
 +
    CMP            R10, #0x94        ; Max index of syscall (can possibly vary)
 +
    BGT            return_to_caller
 +
    MOV            R8, SP
 +
    MOV            R11, #0x1F
 +
    MSR            CPSR_c, R11      ; Switch to system mode and disable FIQ/IRQ
 +
   
 +
    LDR            R9, [R8,#0x48]    ; Added in 5.5.0: Check for invalid stack
 +
    CMP            SP, R9
 +
    BLCS            bad_stack
 +
    LDR            R11, [R8,#0x4C]
 +
    SUB            R9, R9, R11
 +
    CMP            SP, R9
 +
    BCC            bad_stack
 +
   
 +
    LDR            R8, [R8,#0x44]
 +
    LDR            R11, =syscall_stack_arg_counts
 +
    LDR            R11, [R11,R10,LSL#2]  ; Number of args on stack for this syscall
 +
    ADD            SP, SP, R11,LSL#2
 +
get_stack_arg                           
 +
    CMP            R11, #0
 +
    BEQ            find_syscall_and_jump
 +
    LDR            R9, [SP,#-4]! ; Copy argument value
 +
    STR            R9, [R8,#-4]!
 +
    SUB            R11, R11, #1
 +
    B              get_stack_arg
 +
find_syscall_and_jump
 +
    MOV            SP, R8
 +
    LDR            R11, =syscall_table
 +
    LDR            R11, [R11,R10,LSL#2]
 +
    MOV            LR, PC
 +
    BX              R11
 +
return_to_caller
 +
    MOV            R11, #0xDB  ; Switch to undefined mode and re-enable FIQ/IRQ
 +
    MSR            CPSR_c, R11
 +
    LDR            R11, [SP]
 +
    MSR            SPSR_cxsf, R11
 +
    MOV            LR, R0
 +
    LDMED          SP, {R0-LR}^
 +
    NOP
 +
    MOV            R0, LR
 +
    LDR            LR, [SP,#0x40]
 +
    MOVS            PC, LR       ; Return
 +
invalid_syscall
 +
    LDR            SP, =current_thread_ctx_addr
 +
    LDR            SP, [SP]
 +
    STR            LR, [SP,#0x40]
 +
    ADD            SP, SP, #0x40
 +
    STMFD          SP, {R0-LR}^
 +
    SUB            R0, SP, #0x40
 +
    MOV            LR, #6 ; STATE_FAULTED
 +
    STR            LR, [R0,#0x50]
 +
    LDR            SP, =debug_args_addr
 +
    BL              debug_print  ; Illegal Instruction:tid=%d,pid=%d,pc=0x%08x,sp=0x%08x
 +
    B              schedule_yield
 +
bad_stack
 +
    BL      disable_interrupts
 +
    LDR    R0, =current_thread_ctx_addr
 +
    LDR    R0, [R0]
 +
    MOV    LR, #6              ; STATE_FAULTED
 +
    STR    LR, [R0,#0x50]
 +
    MOV    R1, SP
 +
    MOV    R2, R10
 +
    LDR    SP, =debug_args_addr
 +
    BL      debug_print_bad_stack ; Bad stack upon making system call:tid=%d,pid=%d,sp=0x%08x,sysCallNum=%d\n
 +
    B      schedule_yield
 +
Syscalls are invoked by way of the invalid instruction handler; syscalls take the form 0xE7F000F0 | (syscall_num << 8). (E.g. E7F000F0 is syscall 0, E7F036F0 is syscall 0x36, etc.).<br>
 +
The IOSU has 0x94 available syscalls with 5.3.2 (the number of installed syscalls can vary between system versions).
 +
 
 +
With 5.5.0 sp(user-mode/system-mode) is now bounds-checked right after the switch to system-mode. When out-of-bounds it will execute code similar to "invalid_syscall" described above. Hence, userland sp has to be within the current thread userland stackbottom/stacktop at the time a syscall is used, otherwise the [[IOSU#Exception_Handling|fault]] code will be executed.<br><br>
 +
 
 +
NOTE: Official syscall names begin with "IOS_", the rest are merely educated guesses.
 +
 
 +
These syscall numbers were last verified on 5.3.2 debug OSv10 and 5.5.0 retail OSv10. They may vary for newer/older versions or OSv9.
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! Debug ID# !! Retail ID# !! Internal name !! Description !! Return value
 +
|-
 +
| 0x00 || 0x00 || int IOS_CreateThread(u32 (*proc)(void* arg), void* arg, u32* stack_top, u32 stacksize, int priority, u32 flags)  || Creates a thread (in paused state) || New threadid or error (negative value)
 +
|-
 +
| 0x01 || 0x01 || int thread_join(int threadid, u32 *returned_value) || Waits for a thread to finish executing || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x02 || 0x02 || int thread_cancel(int threadid, u32 return_value)  || Cancels an active thread. Threadid 0 will use the current thread. || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x03 || 0x03 || int get_tid() || Get the current thread's ID || Current threadid
 +
|-
 +
| 0x04 || 0x04 || void* access_ipc_buffer_pool() || Gets the per-thread IPC buffer pool's address || The IPC buffer pool address value
 +
|-
 +
| 0x05 || 0x05 || int get_pid() || Get the current process' ID || Current processid
 +
|-
 +
| 0x06 || 0x06 || int get_process_name(int pid, char *out_buffer) || Get the specified process' name string || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x07 || 0x07 || int IOS_StartThread(int threadid) || Resume the specified thread || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x08 || 0x08 || int thread_suspend(int threadid) || Suspend the specified thread. Threadid 0 will use the current thread. || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x09 || 0x09 || int thread_yield() || Yield execution to any higher priority threads || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0A || 0x0A || int IOS_GetThreadPriority(int threadid) || Get the priority of the specified thread || The thread's priority or error (negative value)
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0B || 0x0B || int IOS_SetThreadPriority(int threadid, int priority) || Set the priority of the specified thread || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0C || 0x0C || int IOS_CreateMessageQueue(u32 *ptr, u32 n_msgs) || Create a queue at ptr, for n_msgs messages || The queue ID
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0D || 0x0D || int IOS_DestroyMessageQueue(int queueid) || Destroy a message queue || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0E || 0x0E || int IOS_SendMessage(int queueid, u32 message, u32 flags) || Add a message to the end queue || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0F || 0x0F || int IOS_JamMessage(int queueid, u32 message, u32 flags) || Add a message to the front of a queue || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x10 || 0x10 || int IOS_ReceiveMessage(int queueid, u32 *message, u32 flags) || Fetch a message from the front of a queue || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x11 || 0x11 || int IOS_HandleEvent(int device, int queueid, int message) || Register queueid as a handler for interrupts generated by device (sends message to queueid when device's interrupt is triggered) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x12 || 0x12 || int unregister_event_handler(int device) || Unregister handler for device || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x13 || 0x13 || int IOS_CreateTimer(int time_us, int repeat_time_us, int queueid, u32 message) || Create a timer that sends a message to a queue after the elapsed period(s) || Timerid or error (negative value)
 +
|-
 +
| 0x14 || 0x14 || int IOS_RestartTimer(int timerid, int time_us, int repeat_time_us) || Restart a timer using the specified period(s) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x15 || 0x15 || int IOS_StopTimer(int timerid) || Pauses the specified timer || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x16 || 0x16 || int IOS_DestroyTimer(int timerid) || Destroys the specified timer || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x17 || 0x17 || u32 get_timestamp() || Get the current timestamp || The current timestamp value
 +
|-
 +
| 0x18 || 0x18 || u32 time_now() || Fetch the current value of the Starbuck's timer || The current value of the timer register
 +
|-
 +
| 0x19 || 0x19 || int IOS_GetUpTimeStruct(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x1A || 0x1A || int IOS_GetUpTime64(u64 *out_buf) || Returns the current time in wide format || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x1B || 0x1B || int set_rtc_counter(u64 *in_buf) || Sets the RTC counter used by MCP (can only be called by MCP) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x1C || 0x1C || int IOS_GetAbsTimeCalendar(void *out_buf) || Returns the current date and time in a 0x18 sized struct (0x00: year; 0x04: day; 0x08: month; 0x0C: hour; 0x10: minute; 0x14: second) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x1D || 0x1D || int IOS_GetAbsTime64(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x1E || 0x1E || int IOS_GetAbsTimeStruct(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x1F || 0x1F || int set_fault_behavior(int pid, u32 flag) || Enables or disables raising a panic when a system fault occurs in the specified process. This is only usable from the IOS-MCP process. Once finished, this will always set the flag for PID0(IOS-KERNEL) to value 1. This is the same field mentioned [[IOSU|here]] for exception handling. || 0 on success, -1 when curpid is not 1, and -29 when the input pid is >13.
 +
|-
 +
| 0x20 || 0x20 || int check_debug_mode() || Checks if we are in debug mode by looking at a flag in the OTP || 0 if in debug mode
 +
|-
 +
| 0x21 || 0x21 || int check_jtag() || Get the current status of the JTAG || 0 if JTAG is enabled or -4 if disabled
 +
|-
 +
| 0x22 || 0x22 || int read_otp(u32 wordindex, void *out_buf, u32 size) || Read data from the OTP, this can only be used from the IOS-CRYPTO process. || 0 on success, -1 when IOSU's PID isn't 3.
 +
|-
 +
| 0x23 || 0x23 || int heap_create(void *ptr, int size) || Create a new heap at ptr of size bytes || The heapid or error (negative value)
 +
|-
 +
| 0x24 || 0x24 || int IOS_CreateLocalProcessHeap(void *ptr, int size) || Create a new local process heap of size bytes || The heap ID or error (negative value)
 +
|-
 +
| 0x25 || 0x25 || int IOS_CreateCrossProcessHeap(int size) || Create a new cross process heap of size bytes || The heap ID or error (negative value)
 +
|-
 +
| 0x26 || 0x26 || int heap_destroy(int heapid) || Destroy the specified heap || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x27 || 0x27 || void* IOS_Alloc(int heapid, u32 size) || Allocate size bytes from the specified heap || Pointer to memory
 +
|-
 +
| 0x28 || 0x28 || void* heap_alloc_aligned(int heapid, u32 size, u32 align) || Allocate size bytes from the specified heap with the requested alignment || Pointer to aligned memory
 +
|-
 +
| 0x29 || 0x29 || void IOS_Free(int heapid, void *ptr)  || Release allocated memory back to the heap || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x2A || 0x2A || void heap_free_and_clear(int heapid, void *ptr) || Same as IOS_Free, but clears the contents of ptr || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x2B || 0x2B || int heap_expand(int heapid, void *ptr, u32 size) || Expands an allocated memory block by size bytes || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x2C || 0x2C || int IOS_RegisterResourceManager(const char* device, int queueid) || Registers device to the device tree, so it can be opened (from ARM and PPC) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x2D || 0x2D || int device_associate(const char* device, int internal_id) || Associates a device to the specified internal IOS ID. This ID appears to correspond to the cos.xml permissions groupid? This syscall isn't used with devices that don't require any permissions(and are PowerPC-accessible) it seems. It appears when this ID isn't listed in the cos.xml groupids at all, the device is ARM-only. || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x2E || 0x2E || int device_set_flags(const char* device, u32 flags) || Sets some flags in the device's internal structure || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x2F || 0x2F || int set_client_capabilities(int client_pid, int feature_id, u32 *masks) || Sets the client's capability masks/permissions (can only be called by MCP) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x30 || 0x30 || int clear_client_capabilities(int client_pid) || Clears the client's capability masks/permissions (can only be called by MCP) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x31 || 0x31 || int query_client_capabilities(int client_pid, int feature_id, void *out_buffer) || Gets the client's capability masks/permissions (out_buffer gets 0x08 bytes; mask1 and mask2) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x32 || 0x32 || int query_feature_id(int feature_id, int out_count, void *out_buffer) || Retrieves information associated with a feature_id (out_buffer receives out_count * 0x34 bytes structures with the client pid, busy close violations count, active TXN count and open handles count) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x33 || 0x33 || int IOS_Open(const char* device, int mode) || Similar to IOS_Open on PPC, except now internal to the IOSU system || Returns an fd or error (negative)
 +
|-
 +
| 0x34 || 0x34 || int IOS_Close(int fd) || Close a previously opened fd || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x35 || 0x35 || int IOS_Read(int fd, void *buf, u32 len) || Read len bytes from fd into buf || The number of bytes read or error
 +
|-
 +
| 0x36 || 0x36 || int IOS_Write(int fd, const void *buf, u32 len) || Write len bytes to fd from buf || The number of bytes written or error
 +
|-
 +
| 0x37 || 0x37 || int IOS_Seek(int fd, int offset, int origin) || Seek to offset relative to origin || The new absolute offset or error
 +
|-
 +
| 0x38 || 0x38 || int IOS_Ioctl(int fd, u32 request, void *input_buffer, u32 input_buffer_len, void *output_buffer, u32 output_buffer_len) || Perform the requested IOCTL || Return value from IOCTL
 +
|-
 +
| 0x39 || 0x39 || int IOS_Ioctlv(int fd, u32 request, u32 vector_count_in, u32 vector_count_out, struct iovec *vector) || Perform the requested IOCTL || Return value from IOCTL
 +
|-
 +
| 0x3A || 0x3A || int IOS_OpenAsync(const char* device, int mode, int queueid, ipcmessage *message) || Async implementation of IOS_Open || 0 on success, ipcmessage is sent to the queue with the command's return value
 +
|-
 +
| 0x3B || 0x3B || int IOS_CloseAsync(int fd, int queueid, ipcmessage *message) || Async implementation of IOS_Close || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x3C || 0x3C || int IOS_ReadAsync(int fd, void *buf, u32 len, int queueid, ipcmessage *message) || Async implementation of IOS_Read || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x3D || 0x3D || int IOS_WriteAsync(int fd, const void *buf, u32 len, int queueid, ipcmessage *message) || Async implementation of IOS_Write || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x3E || 0x3E || int IOS_SeekAsync(int fd, int offset, int origin, int queueid, ipcmessage *message) || Async implementation of IOS_Seek || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x3F || 0x3F || int IOS_IoctlAsync(int fd, u32 request, void *input_buffer, u32 input_buffer_len, void *output_buffer, u32 output_buffer_len, int queueid, ipcmessage *message) || Async implementation of IOS_Ioctl || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x40 || 0x40 || int IOS_IoctlvAsync(int fd, u32 request, u32 vector_count_in, u32 vector_count_out, struct iovec *vector, int queueid, ipcmessage *message) || Async implementation of IOS_Ioctlv || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x41 || 0x41 || int open_as_async(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x42 || 0x42 || int write_as_async(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x43 || 0x43 || int ipc_resume(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x44 || 0x44 || int ipc_suspend(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x45 || 0x45 || int ipc_svcmsg(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x46 || 0x46 || int ipc_resume_async(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x47 || 0x47 || int ipc_suspend_async(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x48 || 0x48 || int ipc_svcmsg_async(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x49 || 0x49 || int IOS_ResourceReply(void *ipc_handle, u32 result) || Reply back through the IPC handle || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x4A || 0x4A || int set_proc_unk_params(int pid, u32 param1, u32 param2, u32 param3) || Sets some unknown parameters on the specified process' internal structure || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x4B || 0x4B || int get_proc_unk_params(int pid, u32 *out_buf1, u32 *out_buf2) || Gets some unknown parameters from the specified process' internal structure || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x4C || 0x4C || int ahbMemFlush(int ahb_dev) || Performs some additional checks and calls ahb_flush_from || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x4D || 0x4D || int ahb_flush_from(int ahb_dev) || Performs AHB memory flushing || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x4E || 0x4E || int ahb_flush_check(int ahb_dev) || Checks for valid device masks || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x4F || 0x4F || int ahb_flush_to(int ahb_dev) || Performs AHB memory flushing || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x50 || 0x50 || int IOS_ClearandEnable(int id) || Enables hardware interrupts (IRQs) for the specified device || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x51 ||  || int access_iobuf_pool(int unk) || Unused || Always 0
 +
|-
 +
| 0x52 ||  || struct iobuf *alloc_iobuf(int unk, u32 buf_size) || Allocate an iobuf || NULL on error
 +
|-
 +
| 0x53 ||  || int free_iobuf(struct iobuf *iob) || Free an allocated iobuf || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x54 ||  || void iobuf_log_header_info() || Unused || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x55 ||  || void iobuf_log_buffer_info() || Unused || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x56 ||  || void *extend_iobuf(struct iobuf *iob, unsigned short num) || Extend the data in the buffer by num bytes || Pointer to extended area
 +
|-
 +
| 0x57 ||  || void *IOS_PushIob(struct iobuf *iob, unsigned short num) || Move head pointer num bytes towards the buffer end || Old head pointer
 +
|-
 +
| 0x58 ||  || void *IOS_PullIob(struct iobuf *iob, unsigned short num) || Move head pointer num bytes towards the buffer start || Old head pointer
 +
|-
 +
| 0x59 ||  || int verify_iobuf(struct iobuf *iob) || Verify if the argument points to an iobuf || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x5A ||  || struct iobuf *copy_iobuf(struct iobuf *iob) || Copy an iobuf into the pool || Itself
 +
|-
 +
| 0x5B || 0x51 || void IOS_InvalidateDCache(void *ptr, unsigned int len) || Invalidate data cache || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x5C || 0x52 || void IOS_FlushDCache(void *ptr, unsigned int len) || Flush data cache || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x5D || 0x53 || int execute_privileged(void *address) || Disables memory protection, cleans up executable memory areas and branches to the specified address. This can only be called by MCP, and will infinite loop on return || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x5E || 0x54 || int get_unk_flags1(u32 *out_buf1, u16 *out_buf2) || Gets (u32*)out_buf1 = 0x03; (u16*)out_buf2 = 0x00 || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x5F || 0x55 || int get_unk_flags2(u32 *out_buf1, u16 *out_buf2) || Gets (u32*)out_buf1 = 0x01; (u16*)out_buf2 = 0x00 || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x60 || 0x56 || void* virt_to_phys(void *address) || Translate a virtual address to physical || The translated address
 +
|-
 +
| 0x61 || 0x57 || int IOS_CreateSemaphore(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x62 || 0x58 || int IOS_WaitSemaphore(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x63 || 0x59 || int IOS_SignalSemaphore(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x64 || 0x5A || int IOS_DestroySemaphore(???) || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x65 || 0x5B || int flush_ipc_server() || Resets the ARM IPC control register's flags || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x66 || 0x5C || int set_bsp_ready() || Tells the IOSU that BSP is ready || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x67 || 0x5D || int check_ios_addr_range(void *address, u32 size, u32 rw_flags) || Checks an IOSU address range for read/write permissions || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x68 || 0x5E || int check_ppc_addr_range(void *address, u32 size) || Checks if a PPC address range is registered in the IOSU's address table || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x69 || 0x5F || int init_mem1_ppc() || Fills range 0x00000000 to 0x00002000 in MEM1 with empty PPC branches || Always 0
 +
|-
 +
| 0x6A || 0x60 || int get_iop_cpu_utilization() || || IOP CPU utilization
 +
|-
 +
| 0x6B || 0x61 || int get_thread_stack_info(int tid, u32 *out_buf) || Gets information on the specified thread's stack:<br>0x00(out_buf) == sys stack base<br> 0x04(out_buf) == sys stack size (0x400)<br>0x08(out_buf) == sys stack used space<br>0x0C(out_buf) == user stack base<br>0x10(out_buf) == user stack size<br>0x14(out_buf) == user stack used space || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x6C || 0x62 || int IOS_ThreadProfileCommand(int command, u32 unk) || Issues a command to the thread profiling system. Valid commands are:<br>67h : Start profiling<br>64h : Stop profiling<br>65h : Stop profiling interval (disabled on retail?)<br>66h, 6Eh, 6Fh : Unknown || 0 on success, when in PROD mode unavailable (NOTREADY)
 +
|-
 +
| 0x6D || 0x63 || int IOS_GetThreadUtilization(void *out_buf) || Dumps the current thread's utilization structure || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x6E || 0x64 || int dump_thread_context(int tid, u32 *out_buf) || Dumps the specified thread's context structure || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x6F || 0x65 || int dump_thread_profile(int tid_count, u32 *out_buf) || Dumps profiling information for each thread up to a specified count || Number of dumped threads
 +
|-
 +
| 0x70 ||  || int dump_iobuf_context(int iobuf_id, u32 *out_buf) || Dumps the specified iobuf's context structure || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x71 ||  || int IOS_GetIobPoolsUtilization(int iobuf_count, u32 *out_buf) || Dumps iobuf's pools utilization for each iobuf up to a specified count || Size of each used pool
 +
|-
 +
| 0x72 || 0x66 || int IOS_GetMessageUtilization(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x73 || 0x67 || int get_aggregate_resource_utilization(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x74 || 0x68 || int get_per_process_resource_utilization(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x75 || 0x69 || int IOS_GetTimerUtilization(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x76 || 0x6A || int IOS_GetSemaphoreUtilization(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x77 || 0x6B || int get_heap_profile(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x78 || 0x6C || int set_iop2x_state(u32 state) || Sets the state of an unknown feature from BSP || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x79 || 0x6D || int set_ppc_boot_params(void *params) || Registers the supplied address as a pointer for setting up the PPC boot parameters || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x7A || 0x6E || void get_debug_register_value() || Stores the value from LT_DEBUG register in the IOSU heap || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x7B || 0x6F || void clear_debug_register_value() || Clears the LT_DEBUG register || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x7C || 0x70 || void set_debug_register_value(u32 value) || Sets the value of the LT_DEBUG register || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x7D || 0x71 || int check_debug_flag(u32 flag) || Checks if the supplied flag is enabled in the LT_DEBUG register copy on the IOSU heap || The flag value if enabled or 0 if disabled
 +
|-
 +
| 0x7E || 0x72 || void ios_shutdown(bool reset) || Issues a system shutdown or reset depending on the input arg || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x7F || 0x73 || void ios_panic(char *panic_desc, u32 panic_desc_size) || Issues a system panic (with optional description string) || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x80 || 0x74 || void ios_reset() || Issues a system reset || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x81 || 0x75 || void set_panic_behavior(int flag) || Changes the system behavior on panic:<br>flag is 0 -> crash on panic<br>flag is 1 -> reset on panic<br>flag is 2 -> reset EXI as well || Nothing
 +
|-
 +
| 0x82 || 0x76 || int set_syslog_buffer(void *log_buf) || Sets up the system log buffer in the IOSU heap || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x83 || 0x77 || int load_ppc_kernel(u32 address, u32 size) || Maps the PPC kernel image memory:<br>address == 0x08000000<br>size == 0x00120000 || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x84 || 0x78 || int load_ppc_app(int mem_id, u32 addr1, u32 size1, u32 addr2, u32 size2) || Maps the PPC user application memory:<br>mem_id == 0x02<br>addr1 == 0x00<br>size1 == 0x00<br>addr2 == 0x28000000<br>size2 == 0xA8000000 || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x85 || 0x79 || int set_security_level(int level) || Sets the master title security level:<br>0x1E is normal<br>0x0A is TEST<br>0x14 is unknown || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x86 || 0x7A || int get_security_level() || Gets the master title security level || The security level
 +
|-
 +
| 0x87 || 0x7B || int get_open_resource_handles(int out_count, void *out_buffer, int pid) || Finds open resource handles for the specified pid (out_buffer receives out_count * 0x2C bytes structures with the handle number, handle path and more) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x88 || 0x7C || int set_main_title_sdk_version(int version) || Sets the master title's SDK/kernel version || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x89 || 0x7D || int get_main_title_sdk_version() || Gets the master title's SDK/kernel version || The SDK/kernel version
 +
|-
 +
| 0x8A || 0x7E || int get_dynamic_heap_access(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x8B || 0x7F || int start_gpu_config_validation(void *out_buf, u32 size, int queue_id, int unk) || Validates the current GPU configuration using a message queue. Sends a pointer that is populated by the IOSU with the GPU configuration parameters (using GPIO) || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x8C || 0x80 || int finish_gpu_config_validation(int queue_id, bool do_panic) || Resets the buffer sent to the IOSU and invalidates the associated queue ID. Also looks for any errors raised due to a bad configuration state and throws a panic if specifically told to do so || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x8D || 0x81 || int return_null() || Unused || Always 0
 +
|-
 +
| 0x8E || 0x82 || int get_resource_violations(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x8F || 0x83 || int device_get_client_handles(char *dev_node) || Returns the number of client handles created in the specified dev node || The number of active client handles
 +
|-
 +
| 0x90 || 0x84 || int device_disable_registration(bool do_disable) || Prevents any future dev node from being registered || An error code (0xFFFFFFE3)
 +
|-
 +
| 0x91 || 0x85 || int get_pending_resource_requests(???) || || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x92 || 0x86 || int load_ios_kernel() || Maps the IOS Kernel image memory || 0 on success
 +
|-
 +
| 0x93 || 0x87 || void exi_reset() || Resets the EXI for the PPC side || Nothing
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Syscalls (via syscall instruction) ==
 +
These types of syscalls are created with the thumb syscall instruction. When the u16 from retaddr-0x2 matches 0xdfab(intended as thumb "svc 0xab" but ARM "svc 0xdfab" would pass too), it will just return from the exception-handler, otherwise it will do the same thing described [[IOSU|here]] for exceptions. These syscalls are [http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.dui0471c/Bgbjhiea.html RealView semihosting operations] that allow communication with a debugger.<br>
 +
Currently only syscall 0x04 is still used in production versions of IOSU. Syscall 0x06 is only used for a scanf call in some kind of debug configuration, with the following prompt: "Enter '1' to proceed with kernel startup."
 +
 
 +
<source lang="c">
 +
MOVS r0, #syscall_number
 +
SVC 0xAB
 +
</source>
 +
 
 +
Register r0 takes the syscall number.<br>
 +
Register r1 takes the first parameter.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! ID # !! Internal name !! Description !! Return value
 +
|-
 +
| 0x01 || __sys_open || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x02 || __sys_close || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x03 || __sys_writec || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x04 || __sys_write0 || Prints a null-terminated debug message || None
 +
|-
 +
| 0x05 || __sys_write || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x06 || __sys_read || Reads input from debugger stdin  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x07 || __sys_readc || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x08 || __sys_iserror || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x09 || __sys_istty || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0A || __sys_seek || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0C || __sys_flen || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0D || __sys_tmpnam || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0E || __sys_remove || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x0F || __sys_rename || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x10 || __sys_clocK || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x11 || __sys_time || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x12 || __sys_system || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x13 || __sys_errno || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x15 || __sys_get_cmdline || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x16 || __sys_heapinfo || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x30 || __sys_elapsed || unused  ||
 +
|-
 +
| 0x31 || __sys_tickfreq || unused  ||
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
== Auxiliary vectors ==
 
The IOSU elf has a PH_NOTES section which contains a so called "mrg file".
 
The IOSU elf has a PH_NOTES section which contains a so called "mrg file".
 
This "mrg file" contains auxiliary vectors for IOSU modules.
 
This "mrg file" contains auxiliary vectors for IOSU modules.
Line 277: Line 733:  
|}
 
|}
   −
==== Auxiliary vectors from 5.5.X ====
+
Auxiliary vectors from 5.5.X:
−
 
   
   AT_UID:                0
 
   AT_UID:                0
 
   AT_ENTRY:              0xFFFF0000
 
   AT_ENTRY:              0xFFFF0000
Line 377: Line 832:  
   AT_MEM_PERM_MASK:      0x00000000
 
   AT_MEM_PERM_MASK:      0x00000000
   −
=== Threads ===
+
= Modules =
 +
Similarly to the Wii, IOS modules roughly map to processes and drivers inside the kernel. Modules have a locked PID associated with them:
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
! PID
 +
! Name
 +
|-
 +
| 0
 +
| IOS-KERNEL
 +
|-
 +
| 1
 +
| IOS-MCP
 +
|-
 +
| 2
 +
| IOS-BSP
 +
|-
 +
| 3
 +
| IOS-CRYPTO
 +
|-
 +
| 4
 +
| IOS-USB
 +
|-
 +
| 5
 +
| IOS-FS
 +
|-
 +
| 6
 +
| IOS-PAD
 +
|-
 +
| 7
 +
| IOS-NET
 +
|-
 +
| 8
 +
| IOS-ACP
 +
|-
 +
| 9
 +
| IOS-NSEC
 +
|-
 +
| 10
 +
| IOS-AUXIL
 +
|-
 +
| 11
 +
| IOS-NIM-BOSS
 +
|-
 +
| 12
 +
| IOS-FPD
 +
|-
 +
| 13
 +
| IOS-TEST
 +
|-
 +
| 14
 +
| COS-KERNEL
 +
|-
 +
| 15
 +
| COS-ROOT
 +
|-
 +
| 16
 +
| COS-02
 +
|-
 +
| 17
 +
| COS-03
 +
|-
 +
| 18
 +
| COS-OVERLAY
 +
|-
 +
| 19
 +
| COS-HBM
 +
|-
 +
| 20
 +
| COS-ERROR
 +
|-
 +
| 21
 +
| COS-MASTER
 +
|}
 +
PIDs 14-21 are used for PPC side processes.
 +
 
 +
== IOS-CRYPTO ==
 +
Cryptography services.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/crypto]] - Cryptography API
 +
 
 +
== IOS-MCP ==
 +
Master title operations such as title launching and [[:cafe2wii]] booting.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/mcp]] - Master title launching (also encapsulates ES from the Wii)
 +
*[[:/dev/mcp_recovery]] - Master title launching (recovery mode)
 +
*[[:/dev/volflush]] - Volume cache flushing service
 +
*[[:/dev/pm]] - Power management
 +
*[[:/dev/syslog]] - System logging
 +
*[[:/dev/usb_syslog]] - USB system logging
 +
*[[:/dev/dk_syslog]] - DevKit system logging
 +
*[[:/dev/ppc_app]] - PPC application service
 +
*[[:/dev/ppc_kernel]] - PPC kernel service
 +
 
 +
== IOS-USB ==
 +
USB controllers and devices.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/usbproc1]] - USB internal process
 +
*[[:/dev/usbproc2]] - USB internal recovery process
 +
*[[:/dev/uhs|/dev/uhs/0]] - USB host stack (external ports)
 +
*[[:/dev/usb_cdc]] - USB communications device class
 +
*[[:/dev/usb_hid]] - USB human interface device
 +
*[[:/dev/usb_uac]] - USB audio class
 +
*[[:/dev/usb_midi]] - USB musical instrument digital interface
 +
 
 +
== IOS-FS ==
 +
File system services.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/fsa]] - Virtual file system API
 +
*[[:/dev/dk]] - DevKit file system API
 +
*[[:/dev/odm]] - Optical disk manager
 +
*[[:/dev/ramdisk_svc]] - RAM disk service
 +
*[[:/dev/ums]] - USB mass storage
 +
*[[:/dev/df]] - Disk format
 +
*[[:/dev/atfs]] - Optical disk file system
 +
*[[:/dev/isfs]] - Internal storage file system
 +
*[[:/dev/wfs]] - Wii file system
 +
*[[:/dev/pcfs]] - PC file system (only available in DEBUG or TEST mode)
 +
*[[:/dev/rbfs]] - Raw file system
 +
*[[:/dev/fat]] - FAT file system
 +
*[[:/dev/fla]] - Flash file system
 +
*[[:/dev/ahcimgr]] - Advanced host controller interface manager
 +
*[[:/dev/shdd]] - SATA hard disk drive
 +
*[[:/dev/md]] - Raw memory device
 +
*[[:/dev/scfm]] - SLC cache for MLC
 +
*[[:/dev/mmc]] - eMMC storage
 +
*[[:/dev/timetrace]] - File IO time tracer
 +
 
 +
== IOS-PAD ==
 +
Gamepad controllers and devices.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/uhs|/dev/uhs/1]] - USB host stack (internal devices)
 +
*[[:/dev/ccr_io]] - Gamepad main service
 +
*[[:/dev/ccr_cdc]] - Gamepad RPC (CDC = Communications Device Class)
 +
*[[:/dev/ccr_hid]] - Gamepad input (HID = Human Interface Device)
 +
*[[:/dev/ccr_nfc]] - Gamepad NFC reader
 +
*[[:/dev/ccr_uac]] - Gamepad microphone (UAC = USB Audio Class)
 +
*[[:/dev/ccr_uvc]] - Gamepad camera (UVC = USB Video Class)
 +
*[[:/dev/usb/btrm]] - Bluetooth module (for Wii Remote and Pro Controller)
 +
*[[:/dev/usb/early_btrm]] - Secondary Bluetooth module
 +
 
 +
== IOS-NET ==
 +
Network services.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/network]] - Network main service
 +
*[[:/dev/socket]] - BSD sockets API
 +
*[[:/dev/ifnet]] - Network interface
 +
*[[:/dev/net/ifmgr]] - Network interface manager
 +
*[[:/dev/net/ifmgr/wd]] - Wireless device?
 +
*[[:/dev/net/ifmgr/ncl]] - Network configuration
 +
*[[:/dev/net/ifmgr/usbeth]] - Ethernet over USB
 +
*[[:/dev/ifuds]] - UDS interface
 +
*[[:/dev/udscntrl]] - UDS control. Used by nn_uds.rpl(see [[Cafe_OS|here]]).
 +
*[[:/dev/wl0]] - Wireless interface
 +
*[[:/dev/wifidata]] - ?????
 +
*[[:/dev/wifi24]] - Standby mode?
 +
*[[:/dev/ac_main]] - Auto Connection, used by nn_ac.rpl.
 +
*[[:/dev/ndm]] - ?????
 +
*[[:/dev/dlp]] - 3DS Download Play hosting, used by nn_dlp.rpl.
 +
 
 +
== IOS-ACP ==
 +
User level application management.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/acpproc]] - Application management internal process
 +
*[[:/dev/acp_main]] - Application management main service
 +
*[[:/dev/emd]] - ?????
 +
*[[:/dev/pdm]] - Play data manager? (stores applications' statistics)
 +
*[[:/dev/nnsm]] - Nintendo Network service manager?
 +
*[[:/dev/nnmisc]] - Nintendo Network miscellaneous?
 +
 
 +
== IOS-NSEC ==
 +
Network security services. This uses OpenSSL, as of 5.5.0 this is: "OpenSSL 1.0.0f 4 Jan 2012".
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/nsec]] - Network security
 +
*[[:/dev/nsec/nss]] - Network security services
 +
*[[:/dev/nsec/nssl]] - Network SSL API
 +
 
 +
== IOS-NIM-BOSS ==
 +
Nintendo's proprietary online services such as update installations. This uses statically-linked libcurl.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/nim]] - Nintendo installation manager? (installs updates)
 +
*[[:/dev/boss]] - BOSS service
 +
 
 +
== IOS-FPD ==
 +
Nintendo's proprietary friend system. This uses statically-linked libcurl.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/fpd]] - Friend system
 +
*[[:/dev/act]] - Authentication account library
 +
 
 +
== IOS-TEST ==
 +
Debugging and testing services.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/testproc1]] - Test process
 +
*[[:/dev/testproc2]] - Test process
 +
*[[:/dev/iopsh]] - IOP shell?
 +
*[[:/dev/cbl]] - Cafe OS block log
 +
*[[:/debug/prof]] - Profiler (DEBUG mode only)
 +
*[[:/test/ppcprotviol]] - PPC protocol violation (TEST mode only)
 +
*[[:/test/sp]] - System profiler (TEST mode only)
 +
*[[:/test/test_rm]] - Resource manager test (TEST mode only)
 +
 
 +
== IOS-AUXIL ==
 +
Auxiliary services.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/auxilproc]] - Auxiliary service's internal process
 +
*[[:/dev/im]] - Home menu
 +
*[[:/dev/usr_cfg]] - User configuration
 +
 
 +
== IOS-BSP ==
 +
Hardware.
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/bsp]] - Board support package? (hardware interface)
 +
 
 +
== Others ==
 +
These are not real [[:/dev]] nodes. Instead, they represent internal mappings of system volumes created by the IOS-FS process as part of the virtual file system API's initialization.<br>
 +
The virtual file system API is able to map more than one instance of such volumes, whence why the final node name always has an integer representing it's instance (e.g.: 01).
 +
 
 +
*[[:/dev/si01]] - ?????
 +
*[[:/dev/slccmpt01]] - NAND SLC (vWii compatible)
 +
*[[:/dev/slc01]] - NAND SLC
 +
*[[:/dev/ramdisk01]] - RAM disk
 +
*[[:/dev/mlc01]] - NAND MLC
 +
*[[:/dev/hfio01]] - Host file IO
 +
*[[:/dev/odd01]] - Optical disk drive
 +
*[[:/dev/sdcard01]] - SD card
 +
*[[:/dev/sd01]] - ?????
 +
*[[:/dev/usb01]] - USB device
 +
*[[:/dev/mlcorig01]] - NAND MLC original? (Used for board types ID and IH instead of mlc, disables scfm)
 +
*[[:/dev/unknown01]] - Unrecognized
 +
 
 +
= Threads =
 
The IOSU is able to create and handle up to 0xB4 threads. Each thread has a corresponding internal structure stored in kernel SRAM (0xFFFF4D78 in firmware 5.5.1).
 
The IOSU is able to create and handle up to 0xB4 threads. Each thread has a corresponding internal structure stored in kernel SRAM (0xFFFF4D78 in firmware 5.5.1).
 +
 
  // Thread struct in memory
 
  // Thread struct in memory
 
  struct
 
  struct
Line 447: Line 1,133:  
Bit 2 in the flags determines whether or not the thread has an IPC buffer pool.
 
Bit 2 in the flags determines whether or not the thread has an IPC buffer pool.
   −
=== Heaps ===
+
= Heaps =
 
The IOSU is able to create and handle up to 0x30 heaps. Each heap has a corresponding descriptor structure stored in the kernel's BSS section (0x08150008 in firmware 5.5.1).
 
The IOSU is able to create and handle up to 0x30 heaps. Each heap has a corresponding descriptor structure stored in the kernel's BSS section (0x08150008 in firmware 5.5.1).
   Line 472: Line 1,158:     
All accesses to heaps are verified using owner PID and active PID. Heaps are referenced using IDs that are used as indices into the heap descriptor array. There are 3 special heap IDs:
 
All accesses to heaps are verified using owner PID and active PID. Heaps are referenced using IDs that are used as indices into the heap descriptor array. There are 3 special heap IDs:
−
   
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
Line 531: Line 1,216:  
When memory is allocated to a heap, the linked list (terminated using nullptr's) is traversed to find a large enough chunk, chunks are split and back and forward pointers are cleared for the allocated chunk. When a chunk is allocated aligned, a chunk bigger than the needed one may be allocated. Inside this chunk, a second heap chunk is set up in a fashion that the beginning of the memory block described by this "inner" chunk is aligned according to the specified alignment. It's magic is set to 0xBABE0002 and the back pointer is set to the chunk containing it. These inner chunks can not be expanded.
 
When memory is allocated to a heap, the linked list (terminated using nullptr's) is traversed to find a large enough chunk, chunks are split and back and forward pointers are cleared for the allocated chunk. When a chunk is allocated aligned, a chunk bigger than the needed one may be allocated. Inside this chunk, a second heap chunk is set up in a fashion that the beginning of the memory block described by this "inner" chunk is aligned according to the specified alignment. It's magic is set to 0xBABE0002 and the back pointer is set to the chunk containing it. These inner chunks can not be expanded.
   −
=== IPC ===
+
= IPC =
 
PowerPC code is able to call IOSU drivers through an IPC interface. It uses the same call interface as IOSU does internally. Userspace code submits IOSU requests with the IPCKDriver_SubmitRequest() [[Cafe_OS_Kernel_Syscalls|syscall]] in the Cafe OS kernel. The kernel includes information to identify which Cafe OS process sent the request, allowing IOSU to check permissions on a per-app basis. Requests are contained in a struct, sent through a [[Hardware/IPC|hardware interface]], and marshalled by the IOSU kernel to a target process. An example of IOSU IPC from the PowerPC can be found [https://github.com/darksideos/darkside-kernel/blob/wiiu/bal/src/platform/wiiu/ios.c here].
 
PowerPC code is able to call IOSU drivers through an IPC interface. It uses the same call interface as IOSU does internally. Userspace code submits IOSU requests with the IPCKDriver_SubmitRequest() [[Cafe_OS_Kernel_Syscalls|syscall]] in the Cafe OS kernel. The kernel includes information to identify which Cafe OS process sent the request, allowing IOSU to check permissions on a per-app basis. Requests are contained in a struct, sent through a [[Hardware/IPC|hardware interface]], and marshalled by the IOSU kernel to a target process. An example of IOSU IPC from the PowerPC can be found [https://github.com/darksideos/darkside-kernel/blob/wiiu/bal/src/platform/wiiu/ios.c here].
   Line 612: Line 1,297:  
             Arg3 = vector
 
             Arg3 = vector
   −
=== Error codes ===
+
= Error codes =
    
  Kernel errors
 
  Kernel errors
Line 660: Line 1,345:  
  0xFFFFFFD6 -> IOS_ERROR_UNKNOWN_VALUE
 
  0xFFFFFFD6 -> IOS_ERROR_UNKNOWN_VALUE
   −
== Modules ==
+
= Virtual Memory Map =
−
Similarly to the Wii, IOS modules roughly map to processes and drivers inside the kernel. Modules have a locked PID associated with them:
  −
 
  −
{| class="wikitable"
  −
|-
  −
! PID
  −
! Name
  −
|-
  −
| 0
  −
| IOS-KERNEL
  −
|-
  −
| 1
  −
| IOS-MCP
  −
|-
  −
| 2
  −
| IOS-BSP
  −
|-
  −
| 3
  −
| IOS-CRYPTO
  −
|-
  −
| 4
  −
| IOS-USB
  −
|-
  −
| 5
  −
| IOS-FS
  −
|-
  −
| 6
  −
| IOS-PAD
  −
|-
  −
| 7
  −
| IOS-NET
  −
|-
  −
| 8
  −
| IOS-ACP
  −
|-
  −
| 9
  −
| IOS-NSEC
  −
|-
  −
| 10
  −
| IOS-AUXIL
  −
|-
  −
| 11
  −
| IOS-NIM-BOSS
  −
|-
  −
| 12
  −
| IOS-FPD
  −
|-
  −
| 13
  −
| IOS-TEST
  −
|-
  −
| 14
  −
| COS-KERNEL
  −
|-
  −
| 15
  −
| COS-ROOT
  −
|-
  −
| 16
  −
| COS-02
  −
|-
  −
| 17
  −
| COS-03
  −
|-
  −
| 18
  −
| COS-OVERLAY
  −
|-
  −
| 19
  −
| COS-HBM
  −
|-
  −
| 20
  −
| COS-ERROR
  −
|-
  −
| 21
  −
| COS-MASTER
  −
|}
  −
PIDs 14-21 are used for PPC side processes.
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-CRYPTO ===
  −
Cryptography services.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/crypto]] - Cryptography API
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-MCP ===
  −
Master title operations such as title launching and [[:cafe2wii]] booting.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/mcp]] - Master title launching (also encapsulates ES from the Wii)
  −
*[[:/dev/mcp_recovery]] - Master title launching (recovery mode)
  −
*[[:/dev/volflush]] - Volume cache flushing service
  −
*[[:/dev/pm]] - Power management
  −
*[[:/dev/syslog]] - System logging
  −
*[[:/dev/usb_syslog]] - USB system logging
  −
*[[:/dev/dk_syslog]] - DevKit system logging
  −
*[[:/dev/ppc_app]] - PPC application service
  −
*[[:/dev/ppc_kernel]] - PPC kernel service
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-USB ===
  −
USB controllers and devices.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/usbproc1]] - USB internal process
  −
*[[:/dev/usbproc2]] - USB internal recovery process
  −
*[[:/dev/uhs|/dev/uhs/0]] - USB host stack (external ports)
  −
*[[:/dev/usb_cdc]] - USB communications device class
  −
*[[:/dev/usb_hid]] - USB human interface device
  −
*[[:/dev/usb_uac]] - USB audio class
  −
*[[:/dev/usb_midi]] - USB musical instrument digital interface
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-FS ===
  −
File system services.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/fsa]] - Virtual file system API
  −
*[[:/dev/dk]] - DevKit file system API
  −
*[[:/dev/odm]] - Optical disk manager
  −
*[[:/dev/ramdisk_svc]] - RAM disk service
  −
*[[:/dev/ums]] - USB mass storage
  −
*[[:/dev/df]] - Disk format
  −
*[[:/dev/atfs]] - Optical disk file system
  −
*[[:/dev/isfs]] - Internal storage file system
  −
*[[:/dev/wfs]] - Wii file system
  −
*[[:/dev/pcfs]] - PC file system (only available in DEBUG or TEST mode)
  −
*[[:/dev/rbfs]] - Raw file system
  −
*[[:/dev/fat]] - FAT file system
  −
*[[:/dev/fla]] - Flash file system
  −
*[[:/dev/ahcimgr]] - Advanced host controller interface manager
  −
*[[:/dev/shdd]] - SATA hard disk drive
  −
*[[:/dev/md]] - Raw memory device
  −
*[[:/dev/scfm]] - SLC cache for MLC
  −
*[[:/dev/mmc]] - eMMC storage
  −
*[[:/dev/timetrace]] - File IO time tracer
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-PAD ===
  −
Gamepad controllers and devices.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/uhs|/dev/uhs/1]] - USB host stack (internal devices)
  −
*[[:/dev/ccr_io]] - Gamepad main service
  −
*[[:/dev/ccr_cdc]] - Gamepad RPC (CDC = Communications Device Class)
  −
*[[:/dev/ccr_hid]] - Gamepad input (HID = Human Interface Device)
  −
*[[:/dev/ccr_nfc]] - Gamepad NFC reader
  −
*[[:/dev/ccr_uac]] - Gamepad microphone (UAC = USB Audio Class)
  −
*[[:/dev/ccr_uvc]] - Gamepad camera (UVC = USB Video Class)
  −
*[[:/dev/usb/btrm]] - Bluetooth module (for Wii Remote and Pro Controller)
  −
*[[:/dev/usb/early_btrm]] - Secondary Bluetooth module
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-NET ===
  −
Network services.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/network]] - Network main service
  −
*[[:/dev/socket]] - BSD sockets API
  −
*[[:/dev/ifnet]] - Network interface
  −
*[[:/dev/net/ifmgr]] - Network interface manager
  −
*[[:/dev/net/ifmgr/wd]] - Wireless device?
  −
*[[:/dev/net/ifmgr/ncl]] - Network configuration
  −
*[[:/dev/net/ifmgr/usbeth]] - Ethernet over USB
  −
*[[:/dev/ifuds]] - UDS interface
  −
*[[:/dev/udscntrl]] - UDS control. Used by nn_uds.rpl(see [[Cafe_OS|here]]).
  −
*[[:/dev/wl0]] - Wireless interface
  −
*[[:/dev/wifidata]] - ?????
  −
*[[:/dev/wifi24]] - Standby mode?
  −
*[[:/dev/ac_main]] - Auto Connection, used by nn_ac.rpl.
  −
*[[:/dev/ndm]] - ?????
  −
*[[:/dev/dlp]] - 3DS Download Play hosting, used by nn_dlp.rpl.
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-ACP ===
  −
User level application management.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/acpproc]] - Application management internal process
  −
*[[:/dev/acp_main]] - Application management main service
  −
*[[:/dev/emd]] - ?????
  −
*[[:/dev/pdm]] - Play data manager? (stores applications' statistics)
  −
*[[:/dev/nnsm]] - Nintendo Network service manager?
  −
*[[:/dev/nnmisc]] - Nintendo Network miscellaneous?
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-NSEC ===
  −
Network security services. This uses OpenSSL, as of 5.5.0 this is: "OpenSSL 1.0.0f 4 Jan 2012".
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/nsec]] - Network security
  −
*[[:/dev/nsec/nss]] - Network security services
  −
*[[:/dev/nsec/nssl]] - Network SSL API
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-NIM-BOSS ===
  −
Nintendo's proprietary online services such as update installations. This uses statically-linked libcurl.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/nim]] - Nintendo installation manager? (installs updates)
  −
*[[:/dev/boss]] - BOSS service
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-FPD ===
  −
Nintendo's proprietary friend system. This uses statically-linked libcurl.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/fpd]] - Friend system
  −
*[[:/dev/act]] - Authentication account library
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-TEST ===
  −
Debugging and testing services.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/testproc1]] - Test process
  −
*[[:/dev/testproc2]] - Test process
  −
*[[:/dev/iopsh]] - IOP shell?
  −
*[[:/dev/cbl]] - Cafe OS block log
  −
*[[:/debug/prof]] - Profiler (DEBUG mode only)
  −
*[[:/test/ppcprotviol]] - PPC protocol violation (TEST mode only)
  −
*[[:/test/sp]] - System profiler (TEST mode only)
  −
*[[:/test/test_rm]] - Resource manager test (TEST mode only)
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-AUXIL ===
  −
Auxiliary services.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/auxilproc]] - Auxiliary service's internal process
  −
*[[:/dev/im]] - Home menu
  −
*[[:/dev/usr_cfg]] - User configuration
  −
 
  −
=== IOS-BSP ===
  −
Hardware.
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/bsp]] - Board support package? (hardware interface)
  −
 
  −
=== Others ===
  −
These are not real [[:/dev]] nodes. Instead, they represent internal mappings of system volumes created by the IOS-FS process as part of the virtual file system API's initialization.<br>
  −
The virtual file system API is able to map more than one instance of such volumes, whence why the final node name always has an integer representing it's instance (e.g.: 01).
  −
 
  −
*[[:/dev/si01]] - ?????
  −
*[[:/dev/slccmpt01]] - NAND SLC (vWii compatible)
  −
*[[:/dev/slc01]] - NAND SLC
  −
*[[:/dev/ramdisk01]] - RAM disk
  −
*[[:/dev/mlc01]] - NAND MLC
  −
*[[:/dev/hfio01]] - Host file IO
  −
*[[:/dev/odd01]] - Optical disk drive
  −
*[[:/dev/sdcard01]] - SD card
  −
*[[:/dev/sd01]] - ?????
  −
*[[:/dev/usb01]] - USB device
  −
*[[:/dev/mlcorig01]] - NAND MLC original? (Used for board types ID and IH instead of mlc, disables scfm)
  −
*[[:/dev/unknown01]] - Unrecognized
  −
 
  −
== Virtual Memory Map ==
   
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|-
 
|-
Line 1,028: Line 1,483:  
Hence, userland .text is ''only'' executable from userland. From userland, the ''only'' executable memory is the process .text. In privileged-mode, the ''only'' executable memory is the main kernel .text(0x08120000) and 0xffff0000(the latter is also RWX).
 
Hence, userland .text is ''only'' executable from userland. From userland, the ''only'' executable memory is the process .text. In privileged-mode, the ''only'' executable memory is the main kernel .text(0x08120000) and 0xffff0000(the latter is also RWX).
   −
== Exception Handling ==
+
= Exception handling =
 
The data-abort and prefetch-abort exception handlers will first check whether a certain flag is clear(flagsfield & (1<<PID)). When that bit is clear and the PID is <=13(highest IOSU PID value that exists), it will just return from the function then do a context-switch. Otherwise, iosPanic() is called.
 
The data-abort and prefetch-abort exception handlers will first check whether a certain flag is clear(flagsfield & (1<<PID)). When that bit is clear and the PID is <=13(highest IOSU PID value that exists), it will just return from the function then do a context-switch. Otherwise, iosPanic() is called.
Retrieved from "https://wiiubrew.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/3858"

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